Citations

Main Page & Common Conditions

Yekta, A., Hooshmand, E., Saatchi, M., Ostadimoghaddam, H., Asharlous, A., Taheri, A., & Khabazkhoob, M.(2022). Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment and blindness in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Current Ophthalmology, 34(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4103/joco.joco_135_21

Liu, D., & Zhang, L. (2024). The prevalence and risk factors of abnormal vision among preschool children. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 15, 339–349. https://doi.org/10.2147/PHMT.S487164

Boston Children’s Hospital. (n.d.). Vision problems. https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-treatments/vision-problems

The global prevalence of amblyopia in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022). Pediatric Eye Disease and Research. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9114436/

Prevent Blindness. (n.d.). Prevalence and impact of vision disorders in U.S. children.https://childrensvision.preventblindness.org/prevalence-and-impact-of-vision-disorders-in-u-s-children/

American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. (2024). Strabismus: What is it and how common is it?

Donahue, S., et al. (2016). Visual system assessment in infants, children, and young adults by pediatricians. Pediatrics, 137(1).

Prevent Blindness. (n.d.). Prevalence and impact of vision disorders in U.S. children.

Rouse, M. W., et al. (1999). Frequency of convergence insufficiency among fifth and sixth graders. Optometry and Vision Science.

Blog: Before pediatric optometry was a specialty (1890s-1930s)

Gioia, T. (2018, May 3). Making glasses cool for kids: A hundred-year history. Vision Monday.https://www.visionmonday.com/technology/dj-view/article/making-glasses-cool-for-kids-a-hundred-year-history/

American Optometric Association. (n.d.). History of the profession.

Appelboom, T. M. (1985). A history of vision screening. Journal of School Health, 55_(4), 138–141.

British & Irish Orthoptic Society. (n.d.). History of orthoptics.

Library of Congress. (1937). John is not really dull — he may only need his eyes examined (WPA poster).

Blog: When children’s vision started to become specialised (1940s-1960s)

Guddemi, M., Sambrook, A., Wells, S., Randel, B., Fite, K., Selva, G., & Gagnon, K. (2014). Arnold Gesell’s developmental assessment revalidation substantiates child-oriented curriculum. SAGE Open, 4(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014528918

Appelboom, T. M. (1985). A history of vision screening. Journal of School Health, 55(4), 138–141.

Costenbader, F. D. (1950). Pediatric ophthalmology: A developing specialty. Archives of Ophthalmology, 43(3), 431–438.

Gesell, A., Getman, G. N., & Ilg, V. L. (1944). Vision: Its development in infant and child. New York: Harper & Brothers.

Parks, M. M. (1975). The history of pediatric ophthalmology. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 79(4), 593–603.

Press, L. J. (1997). Applied concepts in vision therapy. Santa Ana, CA: Optometric Extension Program Foundation.

Skeffington, A. M. (1957). Vision: A dynamic process. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 28, 579–587.

Solan, H. A. (1966). Visual factors in learning. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 37, 401–408.

Sutton, A. (2005). Our optometric heritage. College of Optometrists in Vision Development

Blog: Recognition, training, and the point where it became a specialty (1970s–1990s)

American Academy of Optometry. (n.d.). Diplomate programs and sections.

Duckman, R. H. (1994). Visual development, diagnosis, and treatment of the pediatric patient. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Solan, H. A. (1988). Learning disabilities and vision. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 59, 411–416.

Sutton, A. (2005). Our optometric heritage. College of Optometrists in Vision Development.

Blog: Public health, policy, and pediatric optometry in modern practice (2000s–present)

Holden, B. A., et al. (2016). Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends. Ophthalmology, 123(5), 1036–1042.

Palmer, J. (2023). The development of the InfantSEE® program. Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History, 54(2), 69–70.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148 (2010).

Zaba, J. N., et al. (2003). Kentucky’s children’s vision law. Optometry, 74(3), 149–158.

Blog: Why Vision Screenings Aren’t the Same as Eye Exams

University of Utah Health – “Kids’ Eye and Vision Problems: What School Screenings Might Miss”, HealthFeed article (Jul 29, 2024)

Baxter Eye Care (Dr. David Baxter, OD) – “Why School Vision Screenings Fall Short: The Importance of a Full Eye Exam” (Aug 20, 2024)[baxtereyecare.com]

Revere Health Ophthalmology – “Back to School Eye Health” (Aug 21, 2019)[reverehealth.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Zhang et al., Vision Testing Among Children Aged 3–5 Years – United States, 2016–2017, NCHS Data Brief No. 353 (Nov 2019)[cdc.gov]

Johns Hopkins University (AAO/APHA data) – Catherine Arnold, _“Children’s success in school affected by vision”_, JHU Hub Magazine (Fall 2016)[hub.jhu.edu]

Rendia Insight – “Why School Vision Screenings Don’t Cut It” (Katie Moyer, 2019)[rendia.com]

West Broward Eyecare Associates – “School Vision Screening vs. Eye Exam: The Critical Difference” (Blog article, 2025)

Blog: When Should Children Have Their First Eye Exam?

American Academy of Pediatrics, American Academy of Ophthalmology, & American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. (2016). Visual system assessment in infants, children, and young adults. Pediatrics, 137(1).

American Optometric Association et al. (2022). Comprehensive eye exam recommendations.

Canadian Association of Optometrists et al. (2021). Eye exam frequency guidelines for children.

Holmes, J. M., et al. (2006). Amblyopia. The Lancet, 367(9519), 1343–1351.

Solan, H. A. (1988). Visual factors in learning. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 59, 411–416.